amakuru

Kuva muri Gashyantare uyu mwaka, Umuyobozi mukuru wa OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus akaba n’umuyobozi w'ikigo cy’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara Wang Hesheng bavuze ko “Indwara X” yatewe na virusi itazwi bigoye kuyirinda, kandi tugomba kwitegura no gusubiza icyorezo cyatewe na yo.

Icya mbere, ubufatanye hagati yinzego za leta, abikorera n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu ni ikintu nyamukuru cyo gukemura neza icyorezo. Mbere yuko uwo murimo utangira, ariko, tugomba gushyiraho ingamba zifatika kugirango isi igere ku gihe kandi buringaniye kugera ku ikoranabuhanga, uburyo n'ibicuruzwa. Icya kabiri, urutonde rwikoranabuhanga rishya ryinkingo, nka mRNA, plasima ya ADN, virusi ya virusi na nanoparticles, byagaragaye ko bifite umutekano kandi byiza. Iri koranabuhanga rimaze imyaka igera kuri 30 rikorerwa ubushakashatsi, ariko ntiryemerewe gukoreshwa n'abantu kugeza Covid-19 itangiye. Byongeye kandi, umuvuduko ubwo buryo bukoreshwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryerekana ko bishoboka kubaka urubuga rwinkingo rwihuse kandi rushobora gusubiza muburyo bushya bwa SARS-CoV-2 mugihe gikwiye. Kuboneka kwurwego rwikoranabuhanga rukingira urukingo nabyo biduha umusingi mwiza wo gutanga abakandida b'inkingo mbere yicyorezo gikurikira. Tugomba kugira uruhare mugutezimbere inkingo zishobora kwandura virusi zose zifite icyorezo.

Icya gatatu, umuyoboro wacu wo kuvura virusi witeguye neza guhangana na virusi. Mugihe cyicyorezo cya Covid-19, hashyizweho uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura antibody hamwe nibiyobyabwenge bikora neza. Kugira ngo tugabanye ubuzima mu cyorezo kizaza, tugomba kandi kuvura imiti myinshi igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ifite virusi ishobora kwandura. Byiza, ubu buryo bwo kuvura bugomba kuba muburyo bwibinini kugirango hongerwe ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza mubisabwa-byinshi, ibikoresho bike-Igenamiterere. Ubu buvuzi bugomba kandi kuboneka byoroshye, bitabujijwe n’abikorera cyangwa ingufu za geopolitike.

Icya kane, kugira inkingo mububiko ntabwo ari kimwe no kubikora cyane. Ibikoresho byo gukingira, harimo umusaruro no kubigeraho, bigomba kunozwa. Ihuriro ry’imyororokere y’ibyorezo (CEPI) n’ubufatanye bw’isi yose bwatangijwe mu rwego rwo gukumira icyorezo cy’ejo hazaza, ariko hakenewe imbaraga nyinshi n’inkunga mpuzamahanga kugira ngo ingaruka zabyo zigerweho. Mugihe utegura ubwo buryo bwikoranabuhanga, imyitwarire yumuntu nayo igomba kwigwa kugirango abantu bamenyekanishe kubahiriza no gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya amakuru atariyo.

Hanyuma, birakenewe cyane kandi ubushakashatsi bwibanze burakenewe. Mugihe hagaragaye ubundi buryo bushya bwa SARS-CoV-2 butandukanye rwose na antigen, imikorere yinkingo zitandukanye n’imiti ivura imiti yari yarakozwe mbere nayo yagize ingaruka. Ubuhanga butandukanye bwagiye bugera ku ntera zitandukanye, ariko biragoye kumenya niba virusi itaha icyorezo izagira ingaruka kuri ubu buryo, cyangwa se niba icyorezo gikurikira kizaterwa na virusi. Tutabashije kumenya ejo hazaza, dukeneye gushora imari mubushakashatsi bwakoreshejwe muburyo bushya kugirango tworohereze kuvumbura no guteza imbere imiti ninkingo. Tugomba kandi gushora imari cyane kandi mubushakashatsi bwibanze kuri mikorobe ishobora kwandura icyorezo, ubwihindurize bwa virusi hamwe na antigenic drift, pathophysiologie yindwara zandura, immunologiya yumuntu, nubusabane bwabo. Ibiciro byiyi gahunda ni byinshi, ariko ni bike ugereranije n’ingaruka za Covid-19 ku buzima bw’abantu (haba ku mubiri ndetse no mu mutwe) ndetse n’ubukungu bw’isi, bingana na miliyoni zirenga 2 z'amadolari muri 2020 honyine.

Ingaruka nini ku buzima n’imibereho n’ubukungu by’ikibazo cya Covid-19 byerekana cyane ko hakenewe umuyoboro wihariye ugamije gukumira icyorezo. Umuyoboro uzashobora kumenya virusi zikwirakwira mu nyamaswa zo mu gasozi kugeza ku matungo ndetse n'abantu mbere yo kwandura icyorezo cyaho, urugero, ku byorezo by’amashyamba n’ibyorezo bifite ingaruka zikomeye. Nubwo umuyoboro nk'uwo utigeze ushyirwaho, ntabwo byanze bikunze ari igikorwa gishya rwose. Ahubwo, izubaka kubikorwa bisanzwe byo kugenzura ibikorwa, gushushanya kuri sisitemu n'ubushobozi bimaze gukora. Guhuza binyuze mu kwemeza inzira zisanzwe no kugabana amakuru kugirango utange amakuru kububiko rusange.

Umuyoboro wibanze ku buryo bwo gufata ingamba z’ibinyabuzima, abantu n’amatungo ahantu hashyizwe ahagaragara, bikuraho ko hakenewe gukurikiranwa virusi ku isi. Mubikorwa, tekiniki zigezweho zo gusuzuma zirakenewe kugirango hamenyekane virusi ya spillage hakiri kare mugihe nyacyo, ndetse no kumenya imiryango myinshi yingenzi ya virusi yanduye mubitegererezo, kimwe nizindi virusi nshya zikomoka mubinyabuzima. Muri icyo gihe, hakenewe protocole yisi yose hamwe nibikoresho bifasha ibyemezo kugirango harebwe niba virusi nshya zivanwa mu bantu no ku nyamaswa zanduye zikimara kuvumburwa. Muburyo bwa tekiniki, ubu buryo burashoboka bitewe niterambere ryihuse ryuburyo bwinshi bwo kwisuzumisha hamwe na tekinoroji ya ADN izakurikiraho ikurikiranwa rya ADN ituma hamenyekana virusi byihuse utabanje kumenya virusi itera kandi bigatanga ibisubizo byihariye / bitanga ibisubizo byihariye.

Nkuko amakuru mashya ya geneti hamwe na metadata bifitanye isano na virusi ya zoonotic yibinyabuzima, bitangwa numushinga wo kuvumbura virusi nka Global Virome Project, byashyizwe mububiko bwisi yose, umuyoboro wogukurikirana virusi kwisi uzarushaho gukora neza mugutahura virusi hakiri kare kubantu. Aya makuru azafasha kandi kunoza reagente yo kwisuzumisha no kuyikoresha binyuze mu bishya, biboneka henshi, bikoresha amafaranga menshi yo gutahura indwara no gukurikirana. Ubu buryo bwo gusesengura, bufatanije n’ibikoresho bya bioinformatics, ubwenge bw’ubukorikori (AI), hamwe n’amakuru manini, bizafasha mu kunoza imiterere y’ingengabihe no guhanura kwandura no gukwirakwizwa no gushimangira buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yo kugenzura isi yose kugira ngo birinde icyorezo.

Gushiraho umuyoboro muremure wo gukurikirana uhura nibibazo byinshi. Hariho ibibazo bya tekiniki n'ibikoresho mugushiraho uburyo bwo gupima virusi, gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusangira amakuru kubyerekeye ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe, guhugura abakozi babishoboye, no kureba ko inzego z’ubuzima rusange n’inyamaswa zitanga inkunga y’ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya ibinyabuzima, gutwara, no gupima laboratoire. Harakenewe urwego rwamategeko n’amategeko kugira ngo rukemure ibibazo byo gutunganya, gutunganya, gusesengura, no gusangira umubare munini wamakuru menshi.

Umuyoboro wo kugenzura byemewe ugomba no kugira uburyo bwihariye bwo kuyobora ndetse n’abanyamuryango b’imiryango ya Leta n’abikorera ku giti cyabo, kimwe na Global Alliance ishinzwe inkingo n’ikingira. Igomba kandi guhuzwa n’inzego z’umuryango w’abibumbye zisanzwe nk’umuryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi ku isi / Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima bw’inyamaswa / wHO. Kugira ngo umuyoboro urambye urambye, hakenewe ingamba zo gutera inkunga udushya, nko guhuza impano, inkunga n’intererano zitangwa n’ibigo bitera inkunga, ibihugu bigize uyu muryango n’abikorera. Ishoramari rigomba kandi guhuzwa no gushimangira, cyane cyane mu majyepfo y’isi yose, harimo guhererekanya ikoranabuhanga, guteza imbere ubushobozi, no guhanahana amakuru kuri virusi nshya zagaragaye binyuze muri gahunda zo kugenzura isi.

Nubwo uburyo bwo kugenzura bukomatanyije ari ingenzi, hakenewe inzira zinyuranye kugirango hirindwe ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara zoonotic. Imbaraga zigomba kwibanda ku gukemura intandaro yo kwanduza, kugabanya imikorere iteje akaga, kunoza gahunda y’umusaruro w’amatungo no kongera umutekano w’ibinyabuzima mu ruhererekane rw’ibikoko. Muri icyo gihe, iterambere ryogusuzuma udushya, inkingo nubuvuzi bigomba gukomeza.

Icya mbere, ni ngombwa gukumira ingaruka ziterwa no gufata ingamba "Ubuzima bumwe" ihuza ubuzima bwinyamaswa, abantu n’ibidukikije. Bigereranijwe ko 60% byindwara zitigeze zigaragara mubantu ziterwa nindwara zonotique. Mugukurikiza cyane amasoko yubucuruzi no kubahiriza amategeko arwanya ubucuruzi bwibinyabuzima, abantu n’inyamaswa barashobora gutandukana neza. Imbaraga zo gucunga ubutaka nko guhagarika gutema amashyamba ntabwo bigirira akamaro ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo binashyiraho uturere twa buffer hagati yinyamanswa n’abantu. Gukwirakwiza henshi mu buhinzi burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu byakuraho ikoreshwa ry’inyamaswa zororerwa mu rugo kandi bikagabanya ikoreshwa rya mikorobe yica mikorobe, biganisha ku nyungu ziyongera mu gukumira mikorobe.

Icya kabiri, umutekano wa laboratoire ugomba gushimangirwa kugirango ugabanye ibyago byo kurekura nkana indwara ziterwa na virusi. Ibisabwa kugenzurwa bigomba kuba bikubiyemo urubuga rwihariye nibikorwa byihariye byo gusuzuma ibyago kugirango hamenyekane kandi bigabanye ingaruka; Porotokole yibanze yo gukumira no kurwanya indwara; Kandi amahugurwa kumikoreshereze ikwiye no kubona ibikoresho byo kurinda umuntu. Hagomba gukurikizwa amahame mpuzamahanga ariho yo gucunga ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima.

Icya gatatu, ubushakashatsi bwa GOF-bwibikorwa (GOF) bugamije gusobanura ibimenyetso byanduza cyangwa byanduza indwara ziterwa na virusi bigomba kugenzurwa neza kugirango bigabanye ingaruka, mugihe hagomba gukorwa ubushakashatsi bukomeye niterambere ryinkingo. Ubushakashatsi nk'ubwo bwa GOF bushobora kubyara mikorobe zifite icyorezo kinini cy’icyorezo, zishobora kurekurwa utabishaka cyangwa nkana. Icyakora, umuryango mpuzamahanga nturemeranya n’ibikorwa by’ubushakashatsi bitera ibibazo cyangwa uburyo bwo kugabanya ingaruka. Urebye ko ubushakashatsi bwa GOF bukorerwa muri laboratoire ku isi, hakenewe byihutirwa guteza imbere urwego mpuzamahanga.